Presentación

Trabajo realizado para la asignatura Didáctica de la Informática II por alumnos del Master de Formación del Profesorado en la especialidad de Informática. Curso 2009-2010. Universidad Complutense de Madrid.

Comparativa Moodle y Sakai

Ambas son totalmente Open Source (sin modalidades de pago como Dokeos) y ambas se actualizan con bastante fluidez pero sin duda la capacidad de Moodle para otorgar garantía a esas actualizaciones así como que el desarrollo no se haga íntegramente en inglés ayuda más a su difusión.

En resumen Sakai no es mala plataforma (algunos dicen incluso que es más intuitiva y con más herramientas que Moodle) pero está más limitada a la hora del desarrollo que Moodle por lo que es bastante menos usado sobre todo a nivel universitario.

A continuación os dejamos una tabla comparativa de ambas plataformas:

©2010 EduTools / WCET
Product Name Sakai 2.3 Moodle 1.9
Developer Name Sakai Moodle
Communication Tools
Discussion Forum Students can enable or disable posts to be sent to their email. Students can enable or disable posts to be sent to their email.
Students can receive posts by email as daily digests of subject lines or whole posts. Students can receive posts by email as daily digests of subject lines or whole posts.
A spell-checker is available for student and instructor responses. Students can subscribe to forum RSS feeds.
  A spell-checker is available for student and instructor responses.
There are three discussion forum tools that adopters of Sakai can choose to deploy:  
  There are many other features and configurations of forums than are listed here.
1. Discussion (U of Michigan);  
   
2. JForum Discussion & Private Messaging (Foothill College); or,  
   
3. Message Center (Indiana University)  
   
Discussion Management Instructors can set up moderated discussions where all posts are screened. Instructors can allow students to create discussion groups.
  Instructors can set up moderated discussions where all posts are screened.
JForum Discussion and Private Messaging: Posts may be peer reviewed by other students.
Development Led by Foothill College Instructors can view statistical summaries of discussions displaying participation which can be used to generate grades.
  Discussions can be shared across courses, departments, or any institutional unit.
Forums can become visible on a certain date.  
   
Forums can become locked on a certain date (can read but not post).  
   
Forums and categories can be sorted.  
   
Unlimited forums and categories.  
   
Supports sticky and announcement topics.  
   
Users control email notification and profile options.  
   
Bookmark functionality for favorite topics.  
   
Search functionality across a site’s forums.  
   
«Watch» functionality for hot topics.  
   
Mark discussion as read functionality.  
   
Forums or categories can be accessible to certain groups as defined in  
JForum.  
   
   
Ability to move, delete, lock, and unlock topics.  
   
Ability to lock a topic, allowing users to read topic postings, but not  
respond.  
   
   
Ability to restrict a forum and/or topic to a specific group or section.  
   
Ability to grant fine grained permissions on a role or group basis.  
Permissions include:  
Category access  
   
Forum access  
   
Ability to post Sticky, Announcements, or Task topics  
   
Read only Forums  
   
Enable Karma  
   
Enable Bookmarks  
   
Enable Attachments  
   
Allow Download of existing attachments  
   
Ability to set number of allowed attachments, file upload size, and types of  
allowable attachment extensions.  
   
   
Set users as moderators  
   
Disallow moderation in specific forums  
   
Ability for roles edit, delete, move, lock and unlock topics  
   
   
Supports 12 foreign languages.  
   
   
   
Message Center  
   
MC Development Led by Indiana University  
   
The following discussion management features are currently available with Message Center:  
   
Ability to create a template for permissions at the forum level and use that  
template for related topics.  
   
   
Ability to lock a topic, allowing users to read topic postings, but not respond.  
   
Ability to restrict a forum and/or topic to a specific group or section.  
   
Ability to grant fine grained permissions on a role, group or section basis. Permissions include:  
New forum  
   
New topic  
   
New response  
   
Response to response  
   
Change settings  
   
Read  
   
Post to gradebook  
   
Mark as read  
   
Revise none, own or all postings  
   
Ability to set a default gradebook assignment for a topic  
   
Ability to save a draft of a forum and its topics  
   
File Exchange Students can submit assignments using drop boxes. Students can submit assignments using drop boxes.
 
Sakai optionally allows students to create their own project sites and add fellow students to their sites. This effectively puts all of the Sakai tools (chat, threaded discussion, calendar, file sharing, etc) in the hands ofstudent groups to use as they see fit in pursuing group activities.
 
Students can submit assignments (inline or attachments) using the Assignments tool. Two versions of this tool are available – with grading or no grading capabilities, based on the needs of the adopting institution.
 
Students can submit assignments in the JForum Discussion & Private Messages tool, including attachments and media. This allows for peer reviews of the submitted work.
 
Students can submit materials in the Resources tool, if permissions for adding new resources is enabled by the instructor, allowing students to gather and share resources on a topic in a common location of the course site.
 
Internal Email Students can use the built-in email functionality to email individuals or groups. Students can use the built-in email functionality to email individuals or groups.
Instructors can email the entire class at once at a single address or alias. Students can use a searchable address book.
  Students can elect to forward their mail to an external address.
There are a number of tools that support internal email:  
   
Private Messaging in JForum  
   
Message Center  
   
MailTool  
   
   
The functionality of each varies slightly; they all meet the core internal email needs of users.  
   
Additionally, the Announcements tool allows instructors to broadcast messages to the whole class. Announcements are posted in the Announcements tool and are displayed in the home page of a site, and they can (selectively) be sent to the students’ personal email that is provided in the system.  
   
Students can specify (user preference)whether or not they want to be notified via email about low-priority announcements. They can also choose to receive a daily digest of class announcements. These settings can be overwritten by instructors for high-priority, critical announcements.  
Online Journal/Notes Students can create a private «Notes» folder (and sub-folders) for their classes in the Resources tool of their MyWorkspace and attach documents or create and publish notes.  
Real-time Chat The chat tool supports a limited number of simultaneous rooms. The chat tool supports a limited number of simultaneous rooms.
The system creates archive logs for all chat rooms. The chat tool supports unlimited simultaneous group discussions
  Students can create new rooms.
Instructors can create new chat rooms. Only one chat room may be set as Instructors may moderate chats and suspend students from the chat rooms.
the default at any given time. The system creates archive logs for all chat rooms.
   
   
The system clearly displays who is in the chat (a dot by the user’s name  
in Users Present*), alerting site participants that others are in the chat  
with whom they can talk in real-time.  
   
   
   
Users Present is a feature of Sakai, that, if enabled, displays who is  
logged on into a project or course site.  
   
   
   
Whiteboard Several organizations have integrated Elluminate, Breeze, and other commercial products in their Sakai implementations. It can supported by adding available 3rd party modules for Dim Dim, Elluminate or other products.
Productivity Tools
Bookmarks Bookmark functionality is available in the JForum Discussion & Private Messaging tool.  
 
The WebContent tool can be used to add bookmarks as tool buttons to any course site.
 
The Resource tool allows bookmarks to be placed as resources.
 
Melete also supports bookmarks as part of any module.
Calendar/Progress Review Instructors and students can post events in the online course calendar. Instructors and students can post events in the online course calendar.
Instructors can post announcements to a course announcement page. Instructors can post announcements to a course announcement page.
Students have a personal home page that lists all courses in which the student is enrolled, new email and all course and system-wide events from their personal calendar. Students have a personal home page that lists all courses in which the student is enrolled, new email and all course and system-wide events from their personal calendar.
Students can view their grades on completed assignments, total points possible, course grade, and compare their grades against the class performance. Students can view their grades on completed assignments, total points possible, course grade, and compare their grades against the class performance.
Students can subscribe to RSS feeds to be notified of changes to materials. Students can subscribe to RSS feeds to be notified of changes to materials.
   
Calendar Summary Tool: A synoptic tool that presents a visual monthly view of schedule events in the Home page of My Workspace or other course/project site is now part of the Sakai 2.3 bundle. Users may add personal events in their MyWorkspace calendar.  

 
The Calendar Summary Tool was developed by Universidade Fernando Pessoa (UFP), Portugal.  
Searching Within Course Students can search all course content. Students can search all discussion threads.
Students can search all discussion threads. Students can search chat or virtual classroom session recordings.
Students can search chat or virtual classroom session recordings.  
   
Searching capability is also available in:  
   
Search Tool – A powerful tool that allows a Google like search all content in a Sakai instance. Anything that is a Sakai entity can be indexed and searched. This includes all Content placed in ContentHostingService which includes content in Resources, Attachments, OSP, Wiki, and all messages in Chat, Email, Announcements, UM Discussion tool. The search tool reads all Office types, PDF’s, and extracts the first 2M of text from types that appear to be text based. (Developed by University of Cambridge, United Kingdom, for Sakai).  
   
   
JForum Discussion & Private Messages includes search capability of topics and messages.  
   
   
   
The Help Tool includes search functionality.  
   
Work Offline/Synchronize Instructors can download the content of lessons (Melete Lesson Builder) into a format that can be printed, stored, or edited locally using a web publishing tool.  
 
Instructors can download assignments with attachments in one simple click for off-line grading. A folder is created on the instructor’s desktop with sub-folders for each student and their attachment submissions.
 
Orientation/Help Students can access context sensitive help for any tool. Students can access context sensitive help for any tool.
The system includes online tutorials for students that help students learn how to use the system. The system includes online tutorials for students that help students learn how to use the system.
   
The Help Tool includes context sensitive help the core tools of the Sakai bundle. Help is accessible by all users (students, instructors, Teaching Assistants, etc.) of the system via a question mark at the right corner of each tool’s container.  
   
Student Involvement Tools
Groupwork Instructors can assign students to groups. Instructors can assign students to groups.
Each group can be given group-specific assignments or activities. The system can randomly create groups of a certain size or a set number of groups.
Groups may be private or instructors can monitor groups. Students can self-select groups.
  Each group can have its own discussion forum.
A number of tools are group and section-aware: Schedule, Assignments, and Resources, and to some extend, Tests & Quizzes. Each group can have its own chat or whiteboard.
  Each group can be given group-specific assignments or activities.
Groups are also supported in the JForum Discussion tool, though its functionality is managed from Jforum rather than Sakai groups. Groups may be private or instructors can monitor groups.
   
Sakai supports the ability to allow students and instructors to create project sites, enabling users to have a private site with a full set of site tools (email archive, forums, chat, resources, etc.) for group work and collaboration.  
Community Networking Students can create online clubs, interest, and study groups at the system level. Students can create online clubs, interest, and study groups at the system level.
  Students from different courses can interact in system-wide chat rooms or discussion forums.
Sakai Wiki Tool: Enables users of Sakai to create, share, and manage content in a Wiki Environment. It uses simular markup and shared concepts with other open source Wikis (eg Wikipedia, TWiki, phpWiki etc). Sakai Wiki is now part of the Sakai 2.3 bundle.  
   
Developed and maintained by University of Cambridge, United Kingdom, for Sakai.  
   
Collaboration Sites: Course and project sites can be «joinable,» allowing users to join interest groups and projects without the permission of a lead facilitator. Any user in the system with the right role (as chosen by the site owner) may become a member of a «joinable» site.  
   
News/RSS – for viewing content from online sources (RSS feeds)  
Student Portfolios OSP (Open Source Portfolio), a provisional tool in Sakai 2.2, offers rich portfolio functionality.  
Administration Tools
Authentication Administrators can allow guest access to all courses. Administrators can allow guest access to all courses.
The system can authenticate against an external LDAP server. The system can authenticate against an external LDAP server.
The system can authenticate using the Kerberos protocol. The system can authenticate using the Kerberos protocol.
The system supports Shibboleth. The system supports Shibboleth.
The system supports the Central Authentication Service (CAS). The system supports the Central Authentication Service (CAS).
  The system can authenticate against IMAP, POP3 or secure NNTP.
— Although these have never been done, the system can authenticate against IMAP, POP3 or secure NNTP. Administrators can set up fail-through authentication against a secondary source (e.g. the system’s own database) in the event that the primary source (e.g. LDAP server ) fails.
  The system can support multiple organizational units and virtual hosts within a server configuration.
— The system can support multiple organizational units and virtual hosts within a server configuration. Typically, institutions run Sakai on multiple boxes; however, multiple Sakai instances can be run on a single box.  
Course Authorization The system supports restricting access based on roles and roles can also be customizedby the service provider. The system supports restricting access based on roles and roles can also be customizedby the service provider.
Administrators can create an unlimited number of custom organizational units and roles with specific access privileges to course content and tools. Administrators can create an unlimited number of custom organizational units and roles with specific access privileges to course content and tools.
Administrators can distribute the permissions and roles across multiple institutions or departments hosted in the server environment. Administrators can distribute the permissions and roles across multiple institutions or departments hosted in the server environment.
Instructors or students may be assigned different roles in different courses. Instructors or students may be assigned different roles in different courses.
   
Registration Integration Instructors can add students to their courses manually or allow students to self-register. Instructors can add students to their courses manually or allow students to self-register.
Administrators can batch add students to the system using a delimited text file. Administrators can batch add students to the system using a delimited text file.
  Administrators can transfer student information bidirectionally between the system and an SIS using delimited text files.
Roster Tool: Provides a list of all users in the site, a link to an individual user’s profile, a picture the user has made available to all users and an official photo ID for use by the administrative users of the site. The Roster tool now uses a new API to manage privacy. Administrators can transfer student information bidirectionally between the system and an SIS using IMS Enterprise Specification v1.1 XML files via web services.
  The software supports data interchange with student information systems through an event-driven API.
Profile Tool: The profile tool is a place (listed under MyWorkspace) where a user can enter or choose to display public and personal information, including a university ID picture if available. The profile tool can have university provided or individually provided information about any user in the system. It can be edited, restricted/opened and include personal images or institutionally provided images. The software supports integration with SCT Banner, SCT Luminis, Datatel, PeopleSoft 8 or customized integration with other SIS or portal systems.
  The software is compliant with the IMS Enterprise Specification for Student Data.
The user may choose whether this information is public or private. Users who have logged in to the application may search for another user’s profile using this tool to obtain any information that a user has made public.  

 
Both developed and maintained by Indiana University.  
Hosted Services Hosting and support services for Sakai are provided from Sakai Commercial Affiliates and other organizations: Hosting and support services from Commercial Affiliates.
   
rSmart Sakai CLE – Learn about rSmart’s customized Sakai bundle, add-on tools, and hosting services. Moodle itself is FREE to use, but optional hosting services are provided by Moodle Partners.
   
IBM Open Education Service: Collaborative Learning Edition – Learn more about IBM’s hosted Sakai-based offering.  
   
Unicon’s Academus Open Campus – Learn about Unicon’s Sakai bundle, hosting, and test-drive Sakai services.  
   
Optimized Learning Inc – hosts native Sakai, Academus Open Campus, and customized Sakai instances for schools of all sizes.  
   
Longsight Group – provides a broad range of hosting and support services to the higher education and non-profit communities.  

 
ETUDES Consortium Project – A non-profit operation that focuses on development and centralized hosting and support for its members.  
Course Delivery Tools
Test Types Multiple choice Multiple choice
   
Multiple answer Multiple answer
Matching Matching
Calculated Ordering
Fill-in the blank Jumbled sentence
Short answer Calculated
Survey questions Fill-in the blank
Essay Short answer
Questions can contain other media elements (images, videos, audio) Survey questions
  Essay
  Questions can contain other media elements (images, videos, audio)
  Custom question types can be defined.
   
Automated Testing Management The system can randomize the questions and answers. The system can randomize the questions and answers.
Instructors can create self-assessments. Instructors can create self-assessments.
Instructors can set a time limit on a test. Instructors can set a time limit on a test.
Instructors can permit multiple attempts. Instructors can permit multiple attempts.
The students are allowed to review past attempts of a quiz. The students are allowed to review past attempts of a quiz.
Instructors can specify whether correct results are shown as feedback The system supports a MathML editor for the inclusion of mathematical formulas in both questions and answers.
The system supports proctored tests. Instructors can specify whether correct results are shown as feedback
  The system supports proctored tests.
  The system supports Remote Quiz Protocol which allows questions to be rendered and scored externally to the system via standards-based web services.
   
Automated Testing Support Instructors can create personal test banks. Instructors can create personal test banks.
Instructors can create system wide test banks. Instructors can create system wide test banks.
Questions can be imported from external test banks that support QTI. Questions can be imported from external test banks that support QTI.
The system provides test analysis data. The system provides test analysis data.
   
Instructors can import an assessment as a test or as a question pool.  
   
Online Marking Tools Instructors can choose to mark each student on all questions or to mark each question on all students. Instructors can choose to mark each student on all questions or to mark each question on all students.
Instructors can choose to evaluate student responses anonymously. Instructors can choose to evaluate student responses anonymously.
  Instructors can enable students to rate and comment on submissions of other students.
   
Online Gradebook When an instructor adds an assignment to the course, the software automatically adds it to the gradebook. When an instructor adds an assignment to the course, the software automatically adds it to the gradebook.
Instructors can add grades for offline assignments. Instructors can add grades for offline assignments.
Instructors can export the scores in the gradebook to an external spreadsheet. Instructors can add details to the gradebook in custom columns.
Instructors can create a course grading scale that can employ either percents, letter grades, or pass/fail metrics. Instructors can export the scores in the gradebook to an external spreadsheet.
  Instructors can create a course grading scale that can employ either percents, letter grades, or pass/fail metrics.
   
Course Management Instructors can selectively release assignments, assessments, and announcements based on specific start and stop dates. Instructors can selectively release assignments, assessments, and announcements based on specific start and stop dates.
Instructors can personalize access to specific course materials based on group membership. Instructors can personalize access to specific course materials based on group membership.
   
Instructors can release learning sequences or materials based on start dates (Melete Lesson Builder AND Resources tool).  
Student Tracking A Site Statistics tool is being developed for Sakai by Universidade Fernando Pessoa (UFP), Portugal. It is currently in pilot at several universities. The Site Statistics tool collects and displays statistical data about the class as a whole or on each student – where they’ve gone and what they’ve accessed. Instructors can track the frequency and duration of student access to individual course components.
Instructors can get reports showing the time and date and frequency students as an aggregated group accessed course content.
Instructors can get reports showing the number of times, time, date, frequency and IP address of each student who accessed course content, discussion forums, course assessments, and assignments.
Instructors can review the navigation record of each student.
Usage statistics can be aggregated across courses or across the institution.
 
Content Development Tools
Accessibility Compliance The product provider self-reports that the software complies with Section 508 of the US Rehabilitation Act. The product provider self-reports that the software complies with Section 508 of the US Rehabilitation Act.
The product provider self-reports that the software complies with the WAI WCAG 1.0 Level A guidelines. The product provider self-reports that the software complies with the WAI WCAG 1.0 Level A guidelines.
   
   
   
Sakai’s Current Accessibility  
Content Sharing/Reuse Materials can be imported or copied from one course site to another. Each user has n area called «My WorkSpace» which can contain materials that are global across the entire system. The materials from My Workspace can be imported into any course site. This allows each instructor and student to maintain their own local space which is only readible to themselves which can be copied into various project and course sites as needed. Instructors can share content with other instructors and students through a central learning objects repository.
The repository can be system-wide or for individual organizational units.
 
Course Templates The software provides support for template-based course creation. The software provides support for template-based course creation.
Course content may be uploaded through WebDAV. Course content may be uploaded through WebDAV.
The system allows administrators to use an existing course or a pre-defined template as a basis for a new course. The system allows administrators to use an existing course or a pre-defined template as a basis for a new course.
   
Customized Look and Feel The system provides default course look and feel templates. The system provides default course look and feel templates.
Instructors can change the navigation icons and color schemes for a course. Instructors can change the navigation icons and color schemes for a course.
Institutions can create their own look and feel templates across the entire system, including their own institutional logos, headers, and footers. Instructors can change the order and name of menu items for a course.
  Institutions can create their own look and feel templates across the entire system, including their own institutional logos, headers, and footers.
— Users (instructors and students) can change the order courses are listed, including hiding old term sites from their active list. The system can support multiple institutions, departments, schools or other organizational units on a single installation where each unit can apply its own look and feel templates as well as institutional images, headers and footers.
   
— Instructors can change the skin and color schemes for a course, provided that more skins have been installed in the system. Many custom course skins have been developed by the Sakai community and are available as a free download.  
   
   
   
Instructional Design Tools Instructors can organize learning objects, course tools, and content into learning sequences that are reusable. Instructors can organize learning objects, course tools, and content into learning sequences that are reusable.
Instructors can create linear learning sequences organized hierarchically by course, lesson, and topic. Instructors can create linear learning sequences organized hierarchically by course, lesson, and topic.
Instructors can reuse courses as templates for future lessons. Instructors can reuse courses as templates for future lessons.
   
The Melete Lesson Builder is a Sakai tool that allows users to create learning sequences. Lessons can be released automatically based on start and stop dates. Melete supports IMS Content Packaging.  
   
Melete Lesson Builder for Sakai  
Instructional Standards Compliance IMS Content Packaging 1.1.4 AICC
IMS QTI 1.2.1 IMS Content Packaging 1.1.3
SCORM 1.2 IMS Content Packaging 1.1.4
  IMS QTI 1.2.1
IMS Common Cartridge – Sakai supports import of Common Cartridge materials. IMS Enterprise 1.1
  SCORM 1.2
IMS Tool Interoperability – Sakai has a contributed tool (University of Michigan) supporting the IMS Tool Interoperability Specification. SCORM 1.3
   
Sakai supports SCORM 1.2 using a SCORM loader and SCORM player from the contributed library. (UC Davis)  
   
The Melete Lesson Builder supports IMS CP.  
   
The Tests & Quizzes tool supports IMS QTI.  
   
Hardware/Software
Client Browser Required The software supports Internet Explorer 5.5+, Netscape 7.1+, and Mozilla Firefox for Windows, and Netscape 7.1+ or Mozilla Firefox on the Apple OS. Some functions in Sakai will not work well or will not work at all in Safari or Internet Explorer for the Mac. Javascript must be enabled.  
Database Requirements The system supports Oracle. The system supports Oracle.
The system supports MySQL. The system supports MS SQL Server.
The application requires only one database and can coexist with tables from other applications. The system supports MySQL.
  The system supports PostGreSQL.
  The application requires only one database and can coexist with tables from other applications.
   
UNIX Server A Unix version is available. A Unix version is available.
Windows Server A Windows version is available. A Windows version is available.
Company Details/Licensing
Company Profile The Sakai Foundation is a non-profit organization that is dedicated to coordinating activities around Sakai and the Sakai community to insure Sakai’s long-term viability. Moodle Pty Ltd is the company that organises funding and pays for core development, support plus quality assurance, allowing a broad community to help work on any aspect they want to.
 
The Sakai Foundation has a number of staff focused on coordinating activities, including a full-time Executive Director who manages the daily operation of the foundation. Sakai staff provides coordination across a number of activities including: project management, quality assurance, release management and conference planning.
 
The Sakai Foundation is supported by voluntary partner contributions. The Sakai Partners elect the Sakai Foundation Board of Directors, which provide the strategic leadership for the Sakai Foundation.
 
Sakai
Costs / Licensing The Sakai Project Software is FREE. It is licensed under the Educational Community License. Moodle is free and distributed under the GPL license.
 
Educational Community License
Open Source The software is distributed under one of the OSI-approved licenses. The software is distributed under one of the OSI-approved licenses.
Optional Extras New Provisional Tools Moodle has a wide range of third-party modules that can extend functionality in different ways.
 
LinkTool: for calling external applications in Sakai (e.g. those written in PHP). Led by Rutgers University.
 
Blog: for collaborative blogging among members of a particular site. This tool has been developed by Miguel Gonzalez Losa and Adrian Fish who are members of Centre for e-Science, Lancaster University, United Kingdom.
 
Podcasts: a podcasting tool which takes advantage of the Resources tool for storage, but displays podcasts in a user friendly way and provides an RSS feed for access through one’s favorite podcatcher. Developed by Indiana University.
 
Sakai tools not in the bundle yet:
 
Melete Lesson Builder
 
JForum Discussion & Private Messaging
 
 
Led by the ETUDES Project, Foothill College.
 
Under development:
 
Goal Management Tool: Enables an administrator or faculty-member to create goal sets within worksites. A goal set is a collection of defined goals; goals are hierarchically defined program or course objectives that students are expected to perform, and can be linked with various activities within Sakai (currently assignments and data points).
 
Led by Syracuse University.
 
Polls: The tool allows the simple and quick polling of users on an issue.
 
Led by University of Cape Town, South Africa.
 
User Membership: Allows one to search for site and group membership for a specified user. It is available as a contrib/ project. Currently waiting for resolution of SAK-6792, SAK-6793, SAK-6794 in order to get provisional status.
 
Led by Universidade Fernando Pessoa (UFP), Portugal.
 
Survey Tool: In early days of development (starting). The Survey tool will allow the creation, submission and reporting of questionnaires at group, site and sakai level.
 
Led by Universidade Fernando Pessoa (UFP), Portugal.